1. Indian Parliament
Parliament is the central legislative institution of India.
Under Article 79, it consists of:
1. The President of India. 2. The Rajya Sabha. 3. The Lok Sabha.
Its main functions include lawmaking, examining government activities and reviewing public finances.
2. Lok Sabha
- Lower House of Parliament. - Members are directly elected. - Constitutional Article: 81. - Normal term: Five years. - Minimum membership age: 25 years. - Presiding officer: Speaker. - Can be dissolved. - Currently has 543 elected constituencies. - Tamil Nadu has 39 Lok Sabha constituencies.
3. Rajya Sabha
- Upper House of Parliament. - Constitutional Article: 80. - Maximum constitutional strength: 250. - Up to 12 members may be nominated by the President. - Minimum membership age: 30 years. - Permanent House; cannot be dissolved. - Normal member term: Six years. - Approximately one-third retire every two years. - The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman.
4. Differences Between the Houses
Lok Sabha:
- Direct election. - Minimum age 25. - Normal five-year term. - Can be dissolved. - Money Bills originate here.
Rajya Sabha:
- Mostly indirect election. - Minimum age 30. - Six-year member term. - Cannot be dissolved. - May recommend changes to Money Bills.
5. How a Bill Becomes Law
For an ordinary Bill:
1. First Reading – Introduction. 2. Second Reading – Discussion and detailed consideration. 3. Third Reading – Final voting. 4. Passage by the other House. 5. Presidential assent. 6. The Bill becomes an Act.
An Act may commence immediately or on a separately specified date.
6. Money Bills
Article 110 defines Money Bills.
Article 109 provides their special procedure.
- Introduced only in Lok Sabha. - President's recommendation is required. - Rajya Sabha must return the Bill within 14 days. - Lok Sabha may accept or reject Rajya Sabha's recommendations. - The Speaker decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill under Article 110(3).
7. Joint Sitting
Article 108 provides for a joint sitting in specified circumstances involving ordinary Bills.
The President summons the joint sitting.
The Lok Sabha Speaker normally presides.
Joint sittings do not apply to Money Bills or Constitutional Amendment Bills.
8. Important Articles
79 – Constitution of Parliament. 80 – Composition of Rajya Sabha. 81 – Composition of Lok Sabha. 83 – Duration of Houses. 84 – Qualifications for membership. 93 – Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 100 – Voting and quorum. 108 – Joint sitting. 109 – Money Bill procedure. 110 – Definition of Money Bill. 111 – Presidential assent. 368 – Constitutional amendment procedure.
9. Tamil Nadu Focus
Tamil Nadu has 39 Lok Sabha constituencies and 18 allocated Rajya Sabha seats.
Tamil Nadu currently has a Legislative Assembly but no Legislative Council.
Article 168 – State legislatures. Article 170 – Legislative Assemblies. Article 171 – Legislative Councils.
10. Important Chronology
1950 – The Constitution came into force.
1952 – The first Lok Sabha was constituted and the Rajya Sabha began functioning.
1976 – The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
2002 – The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act.
References and Book-Back Progress
Official reference locations:
- https://tnpsc.gov.in/ - https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india/
Related textbooks: Samacheer Kalvi Social Science, Civics, Classes 6–10.
Exact chapter and book-back mapping: source not yet verified.
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Push Notifications
Tamil title: 🏛️ குரூப் 4 நாள் 25 – இந்திய நாடாளுமன்றம்!
Tamil message: மக்களவை, மாநிலங்களவை, பண மசோதா, கூட்டு அமர்வு! முக்கிய அரசியலமைப்புப் பிரிவுகளை தமிழ்–ஆங்கிலத்தில் கற்போம்.
English title: Group IV Day 25 – Indian Parliament
English message: Learn Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Money Bills, joint sittings and key constitutional articles with bilingual notes.