The United States, Russia and China are competing to establish nuclear reactors on the moon to power future lunar bases and mining operations. NASA aims to deploy its 20-kilowatt Lunar Reactor 1 by 2030, while Russia and China are collaborating on a 10-kilowatt reactor project known as Selena, targeted for completion by 2036. These reactors are intended to extract frozen water from lunar craters, providing essential resources like drinking water, oxygen and rocket fuel.
Nuclear energy is viewed as the most viable power source for lunar exploration because solar panels are ineffective during the moon's two-week-long nights. Experts note that while the technology itself is manageable, the primary challenges involve the logistics of landing, installation and ensuring long-term safety. The reactors will remain inactive during transit to minimize radioactive risks until they are securely positioned on the lunar surface.
Legal experts highlight that while the 1967 Outer Space Treaty prohibits territorial claims on the moon, it does not forbid nuclear power. However, concerns persist regarding potential accidents and the lack of clear liability frameworks for hazardous equipment in space. Previous incidents, such as the 1978 crash of a Soviet satellite, underscore the risks involved in deploying nuclear materials beyond Earth.
